The goals of this institution are protection of the law's leadership and the unanimity of law; defence of the rights and freedoms of people; and defence of the legal interests of society and the state. The organizational basis of the Office of Public Order is the principle of one-man management. The General Prosecutor is the head of the Office of Public Prosecutor. There is an Office of Public Prosecutor in each region, city, and district of the Russian Federation. The important functions of the prosecutor are common supervision of public order and legality, criminal investigation, and prosecution of cases.
There is an Advocatory Chamber (the Bar) in each subject of Russian Federation. The Bar is independent of the government and includes advocatory collegiums, juridical offices, and individual barristers. There are three new organizational forms of the Bar, while only advocatory collegiums existed in the former Soviet Union.
System of Government
Russia has an area of 6,593,000 square miles. The population in 2011 was 141,930,000, and in October 2012, the population was 123,300,000. In 2010, ethnic Russia constituted 81 % of the population (World Bank 2012).
The contemporary Russian Federation (Russia) came into existence in 1991 after the breakdown of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Russia includes 21 republics in the remote regions of the Russian Federation, six krai (large regions or territories), fifty oblast (provinces or regions), one autonomous area (Chukotsk) and two cities under federal administration (the capital Moscow, and the former capital St. Petersburg). Moreover, seven Federal Okrugs (Central, North-Western, Southern, of the Volga, Ural, Siberian, and Far-Eastern) were recently constituted. Every Federal Okrug includes some regions. The representative of president is the head of each Federal Okrug. It is a realization of the idea of the consolidation of the central power («power's vertical line»).
According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation there are division of powers. The president of the Russian Federation is head of state. The Russian Federation is a presidential republic with powerful presidential power. Moreover, there are presidents in the republics in the organic parts of the Russian Federation (Bashkiria, Dagestan, Tatarstan and others).
Federal legislature is a parliament (Federal'noe Sobranie – Federal Assembly) of two chambers: upper chamber, the «Sovet Federatsiy «(Council of Federation) and lower chamber «Gosudarstvennaja Duma» (State Duma[502]). There are also parliaments in the republics of Federation.
Federal executive power is exercised by a government with a Prime Minister. Regional executive power is exercised by a governor (or mayor in a city) with a government (administration).
Unfortunately, many criminals are part of the contemporary power structures, such as the former mayor of Lenin-Kuznetsk, the former governor of the Nizhny Novgorod region, the mayor of Vladivostok, the former head of department of the St. Petersburg's administration, many «assistants» of the deputies of the Duma, and so on.
Crime and Deviance
Crime
We are obliged to use official statistical data, because federal victimologi-cal survey is absent. Official police crime statistics are not reliable. The correct number and rates of crime are much more than the official statistical data in all countries. But since 1993-1994 there is mass cover-up of crimes that are not being registered (Gavrilov, 2001; Gilinskiy, 2002: 46-48; Luneev, 1997: 145). For example, the clearance rate in Russia is almost impossible to achieve (table 1). The data of murders cept by medical departments (World Health Statistics, 1996) are more reliable than police data (1992 – 22.9 and 15.5; 1993 – 30.4 and 19.6; 1994 – 32.3 and 21.8).
